pacman::p_load(tidyverse, haven,fastDummies,fixest, plotly,gt)
df <- read_dta("replication_data/stcmsa2000_wacw_albouy.dta")
pacman::p_loadを使用して、複数のパッケージを一度に読み込むことでコードを簡潔にし、パッケージの管理を一元化した。dplyrパイプラインを利用して、データのフィルタリングや変数変換を一連の処理として行い、コードの可読性とメンテナンス性を向上させた。fastDummiesパッケージを使用して、カテゴリー別のダミー変数を効率的に生成した。fixestパッケージを用いて、固定効果モデルを適用した。固定効果の係数が都市ごとの賃金の違いを表す。saveRDSでファイルに保存し、データの永続化と分析の再現性を確保した。Housing cost versus wage levels across metro areas, 2000
df <- df %>%
mutate(size = case_when(pop < 500000 ~1,
pop >= 500000 & pop < 1500000 ~2,
pop >= 1500000 & pop < 5000000 ~3,
pop >= 5000000 ~4)) %>%
mutate(size = if_else(str_detect(cmsaname, "Non-metro"), 0, size))
figure1 <-
df %>%
distinct(cmsa, .keep_all = T) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = w, y = p, text = shortname)) +
xlim(-0.4, 0.4) +
ylim(-0.6, 0.9) +
geom_point(aes(size = size), alpha = 0.3) +
geom_abline(slope = 1.534,intercept = 0, color="skyblue")+
geom_abline(slope = 0.64,intercept = 0,linetype = "dashed")+
geom_abline(slope = -7.37,intercept = 0,linetype = "dotted", )+
geom_abline(slope = -0.02,intercept = 0,linetype = "dotdash")+
geom_vline(xintercept = 0, color="gray")+
geom_hline(yintercept = 0, color="gray")+
labs(x="Log Wage Differential(w)",y="Log Housing-Cost Differential(p)",
size = "Scale of Population")+
theme_light()
ggplotly(figure1,
tooltip = "text")
アメリカの各地域をそれぞれの点に取り、賃金 (w) と住宅コスト(p)の関係を示す。
点の大きさは各地域の人口規模を表す。
青線は平均的な生活の質を持つ都市を示す。青線より上側にある都市は、平均よりも非金銭的な生活の質が高く、下側の都市は平均よりも非金銭的な生活の質が低いと考えられる。
phi_L <-0.233
phi_N <- 0.617
theta_L <- 0.025
theta_N <- 0.825
s_y <- 0.36
s_r <-0.10
s_w <- 0.75
tau <- 0.361
delta <- 0.291
# tau_f <- 0.333
# delta_f <- 0.257
Wage, Housing Cost, Land Rent, Quality-of-Life, Productivity, Federal Tax, and Total Amenity Value Differential
df_table1 <-
df %>%
select(cmsaname,cmsapop,p,w) %>%
mutate(r = (1/phi_L)*p - (phi_N/phi_L)*w,
A_x = (theta_L/phi_L)*p + (theta_N - phi_N * (theta_L/phi_L))*w,
Q = s_y * p - s_w *(1 - tau)*w,
federal_tax_payment = tau * s_w * w,
Total_Amenity_Value = s_r * r + federal_tax_payment) %>%
arrange(desc(Total_Amenity_Value)) %>%
mutate(across(-c(cmsaname, cmsapop), ~round(., 2)))
df_table1 %>%
gt() %>%
cols_label(cmsapop = "Population",
p = "Housing Costs (p)",
w = "Wages (w)",
r = "Inferred Land Rent (r)",
A_x = "Trade Productivity (A_x)",
Q = "Quality of Life (Q)",
federal_tax_payment = "Federal Tax Payment",
Total_Amenity_Value = "Total Amenity Value")
| MSA/CMSA name | Population | Housing Costs (p) | Wages (w) | Inferred Land Rent (r) | Trade Productivity (A_x) | Quality of Life (Q) | Federal Tax Payment | Total Amenity Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA | 7039362 | 0.82 | 0.26 | 2.81 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.35 |
| Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA | 399347 | 0.66 | 0.06 | 2.70 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.29 |
| Honolulu, HI | 876156 | 0.61 | -0.01 | 2.67 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| Salinas, CA | 401762 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 2.30 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.26 |
| San Diego, CA | 2813833 | 0.48 | 0.06 | 1.91 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
| Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA | 16373645 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 1.59 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.19 |
| San Luis Obispo-Atascadero-Paso Robles, CA | 246681 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 1.88 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
| New York, Northern New Jersey, Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA | 21199865 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
| New York, Northern New Jersey, Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA | 21199865 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
| New York, Northern New Jersey, Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA | 21199865 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
| New York, Northern New Jersey, Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA | 21199865 | 0.43 | 0.22 | 1.27 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
| Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT | 5819100 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT | 5819100 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT | 5819100 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT | 5819100 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.15 |
| Barnstable-Yarmouth, MA | 162582 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 1.46 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.14 |
| Non-metro, HI | 335381 | 0.33 | -0.03 | 1.50 | 0.01 | 0.13 | -0.01 | 0.14 |
| Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA | 3554760 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 1.13 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
| Naples, FL | 251377 | 0.30 | -0.02 | 1.34 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
| Santa Fe, NM | 147635 | 0.29 | -0.06 | 1.40 | -0.01 | 0.13 | -0.02 | 0.13 |
| Non-metro, RI | 61968 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 1.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI | 9157540 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
| Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI | 9157540 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
| Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI | 9157540 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.62 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 |
| Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO | 2581506 | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.83 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Reno, NV | 339486 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.85 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.09 |
| Sacramento-Yolo, CA | 1796857 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.70 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
| Anchorage, AK | 260283 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Portland-Salem, OR-WA | 2265223 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Portland-Salem, OR-WA | 2265223 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
| Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV | 7608070 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV | 7608070 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV | 7608070 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV | 7608070 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.39 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
| Hartford, CT | 1183110 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.11 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| Non-metro, MA | 247672 | 0.14 | -0.04 | 0.72 | -0.02 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.06 |
| Bellingham, WA | 166814 | 0.13 | -0.05 | 0.70 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.05 |
| Fort Collins-Loveland, CO | 251494 | 0.13 | -0.05 | 0.68 | -0.02 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.05 |
| Stockton-Lodi, CA | 563598 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL | 3876380 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.05 |
| West Palm Beach-Boca Raton, FL | 1131184 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| New London-Norwich, CT-RI | 293566 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| New London-Norwich, CT-RI | 293566 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.05 |
| Madison, WI | 426526 | 0.11 | -0.05 | 0.60 | -0.03 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.05 |
| Non-metro, CT | 148665 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| Sarasota-Bradenton, FL | 589959 | 0.09 | -0.08 | 0.63 | -0.05 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.04 |
| Non-metro, CA | 1121254 | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.51 | -0.02 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.04 |
| Eugene-Springfield, OR | 322959 | 0.09 | -0.12 | 0.70 | -0.08 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.04 |
| Non-metro, AK | 366649 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Austin-San Marcos, TX | 1249763 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Medford-Ashland, OR | 181269 | 0.08 | -0.14 | 0.69 | -0.09 | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.03 |
| Phoenix-Mesa, AZ | 3251876 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Corvalis, OR | 78153 | 0.08 | -0.10 | 0.60 | -0.07 | 0.08 | -0.03 | 0.03 |
| Non-metro, CO | 693605 | 0.07 | -0.13 | 0.65 | -0.09 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.03 |
| Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA | 1188613 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA | 1188613 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.03 |
| Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 6188463 | 0.06 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 6188463 | 0.06 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 6188463 | 0.06 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 6188463 | 0.06 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.09 | -0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Modesto, CA | 446997 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI | 5456428 | 0.05 | 0.13 | -0.11 | 0.10 | -0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI | 2968806 | 0.04 | 0.08 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI | 2968806 | 0.04 | 0.08 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Portland, ME | 243537 | 0.05 | -0.07 | 0.39 | -0.05 | 0.05 | -0.02 | 0.02 |
| Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC | 1187941 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
| Las Vegas, NV-AZ | 1563282 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Las Vegas, NV-AZ | 1563282 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Chico-Paradise, CA | 203171 | 0.04 | -0.09 | 0.42 | -0.06 | 0.06 | -0.02 | 0.02 |
| Milwaukee-Racine, WI | 1689572 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT | 1333914 | 0.03 | -0.03 | 0.21 | -0.02 | 0.02 | -0.01 | 0.01 |
| Flagstaff, AZ-UT | 122366 | 0.03 | -0.14 | 0.50 | -0.10 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.01 |
| Flagstaff, AZ-UT | 122366 | 0.03 | -0.14 | 0.50 | -0.10 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.01 |
| Colorado Springs, CO | 516929 | 0.03 | -0.08 | 0.34 | -0.06 | 0.05 | -0.02 | 0.01 |
| Wilmington, NC | 233450 | 0.02 | -0.12 | 0.40 | -0.09 | 0.07 | -0.03 | 0.01 |
| Albuquerque, NM | 712738 | 0.01 | -0.09 | 0.29 | -0.06 | 0.05 | -0.02 | 0.01 |
| Atlanta, GA | 4112198 | 0.01 | 0.08 | -0.16 | 0.06 | -0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Springfield, MA | 591932 | 0.01 | -0.01 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Non-metro, NV | 250521 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Burlington, VT | 169391 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.28 | -0.07 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
| Redding, CA | 163256 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.25 | -0.07 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
| Charlottesville, VA | 159576 | -0.01 | -0.11 | 0.25 | -0.08 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
| Tucson, AZ | 843746 | -0.01 | -0.11 | 0.25 | -0.08 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
| Fort Myers-Cape Coral, FL | 440888 | -0.01 | -0.10 | 0.23 | -0.08 | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 |
| Iowa City, IA | 111006 | -0.03 | -0.09 | 0.12 | -0.07 | 0.03 | -0.02 | -0.01 |
| Cleveland-Akron, OH | 2945831 | -0.03 | 0.01 | -0.17 | 0.01 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.01 |
| Dallas-Fort Worth, TX | 5221801 | -0.03 | 0.06 | -0.30 | 0.04 | -0.04 | 0.02 | -0.01 |
| Pittsfield, MA | 84699 | -0.03 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.01 |
| Nashville, TN | 1231311 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.10 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.01 |
| Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC | 1499293 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.02 |
| Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC | 1499293 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.02 |
| Provo-Orem, UT | 368536 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.01 | -0.02 |
| Fresno, CA | 922516 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.11 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.02 |
| Non-metro, OR | 919033 | -0.04 | -0.13 | 0.18 | -0.11 | 0.05 | -0.04 | -0.02 |
| Non-metro, WA | 994967 | -0.04 | -0.08 | 0.03 | -0.06 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.02 |
| Grand Junction, CO | 116255 | -0.04 | -0.18 | 0.30 | -0.14 | 0.07 | -0.05 | -0.02 |
| Orlando, FL | 1644561 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.09 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.01 | -0.02 |
| Merced, CA | 210554 | -0.05 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.01 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.02 |
| Lancaster, PA | 470658 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.19 | -0.01 | -0.01 | 0.00 | -0.02 |
| Columbus, OH | 1540157 | -0.05 | 0.02 | -0.28 | 0.01 | -0.03 | 0.01 | -0.02 |
| Charleston-North Charleston, SC | 549033 | -0.05 | -0.10 | 0.05 | -0.09 | 0.03 | -0.03 | -0.02 |
| Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA | 637958 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.26 | -0.01 | -0.02 | 0.00 | -0.03 |
| Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN | 1979202 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.36 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.03 |
| Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN | 1979202 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.36 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.03 |
| Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN | 1979202 | -0.06 | 0.03 | -0.36 | 0.02 | -0.04 | 0.01 | -0.03 |
| Asheville, NC | 225965 | -0.06 | -0.18 | 0.20 | -0.14 | 0.06 | -0.05 | -0.03 |
| Green Bay, WI | 226778 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.22 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.03 |
| Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA- | 1569541 | -0.07 | -0.11 | 0.00 | -0.09 | 0.03 | -0.03 | -0.03 |
| Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA- | 1569541 | -0.07 | -0.11 | 0.00 | -0.09 | 0.03 | -0.03 | -0.03 |
| Yakima, WA | 222581 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.22 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.01 | -0.03 |
| Yuba City, CA | 139149 | -0.08 | -0.06 | -0.16 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.03 |
| Non-metro, NH | 496087 | -0.08 | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.08 | 0.02 | -0.02 | -0.03 |
| Non-metro, DE | 156638 | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.15 | -0.07 | 0.01 | -0.02 | -0.04 |
| Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL | 2395997 | -0.09 | -0.06 | -0.21 | -0.05 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.04 |
| Fort Pierce-Port St. Lucie, FL | 319426 | -0.09 | -0.10 | -0.13 | -0.09 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.04 |
| New Orleans, LA | 1337726 | -0.09 | -0.07 | -0.23 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.04 |
| State College, PA | 135758 | -0.10 | -0.14 | -0.04 | -0.12 | 0.03 | -0.04 | -0.04 |
| Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA | 368021 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.34 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.04 |
| Indianapolis, IN | 1607486 | -0.10 | 0.01 | -0.45 | 0.00 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.04 |
| Des Moines, IA | 456022 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.32 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.04 |
| Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY | 875583 | -0.10 | -0.01 | -0.39 | -0.02 | -0.03 | 0.00 | -0.04 |
| Bloomington, IN | 120563 | -0.10 | -0.13 | -0.08 | -0.11 | 0.03 | -0.04 | -0.04 |
| Non-metro, MD | 385446 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.34 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.04 |
| Missoula, MT | 95802 | -0.10 | -0.24 | 0.22 | -0.20 | 0.08 | -0.07 | -0.04 |
| Richmond-Petersburg, VA | 996512 | -0.10 | 0.00 | -0.44 | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.04 |
| Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA | 629401 | -0.11 | -0.01 | -0.41 | -0.02 | -0.03 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 2603607 | -0.11 | 0.00 | -0.47 | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| St. Louis, MO-IL | 2603607 | -0.11 | 0.00 | -0.47 | -0.01 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| Tallahassee, FL | 284539 | -0.11 | -0.12 | -0.15 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.03 | -0.05 |
| Punta Gorda, FL | 141627 | -0.11 | -0.18 | 0.01 | -0.15 | 0.05 | -0.05 | -0.05 |
| Jacksonville, FL | 1100491 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.34 | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.05 |
| Savannah, GA | 293000 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.25 | -0.08 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.05 |
| Boise City, ID | 432345 | -0.11 | -0.08 | -0.25 | -0.08 | 0.00 | -0.02 | -0.05 |
| Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX | 4669571 | -0.11 | 0.07 | -0.68 | 0.04 | -0.07 | 0.02 | -0.05 |
| Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA | 191822 | -0.12 | 0.03 | -0.58 | 0.01 | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.05 |
| Lawrence, KS | 99962 | -0.12 | -0.13 | -0.17 | -0.12 | 0.02 | -0.04 | -0.05 |
| Dayton-Springfield, OH | 950558 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.48 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.05 |
| Bryan-College Station, TX | 152415 | -0.12 | -0.14 | -0.17 | -0.12 | 0.02 | -0.04 | -0.05 |
| Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI | 1088514 | -0.13 | 0.00 | -0.55 | -0.01 | -0.05 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 1776062 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.52 | -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| Kansas City, MO-KS | 1776062 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.52 | -0.02 | -0.04 | 0.00 | -0.05 |
| Greensboro--Winston Salem--High Point, NC | 1251509 | -0.13 | -0.05 | -0.40 | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Lafayette, IN | 182821 | -0.13 | -0.06 | -0.40 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
| Myrtle Beach, SC | 196629 | -0.13 | -0.19 | -0.05 | -0.16 | 0.04 | -0.05 | -0.06 |
| Fort Walton Beach, FL | 170498 | -0.13 | -0.21 | 0.00 | -0.17 | 0.05 | -0.06 | -0.06 |
| Bakersfield, CA | 661645 | -0.13 | 0.03 | -0.65 | 0.01 | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.06 |
| Spokane, WA | 417939 | -0.13 | -0.10 | -0.31 | -0.09 | 0.00 | -0.03 | -0.06 |
| Lansing-East Lansing, MI | 447728 | -0.14 | 0.02 | -0.63 | 0.00 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.06 |
| Rochester, NY | 1098201 | -0.14 | -0.02 | -0.53 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Louisville, KY-IN | 1025598 | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.47 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Louisville, KY-IN | 1025598 | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.47 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Cedar Rapids, IA | 191701 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.39 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
| York, PA | 381751 | -0.14 | -0.03 | -0.51 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI | 358365 | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.46 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.01 | -0.06 |
| Champaign-Urbana, IL | 179669 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.40 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
| Reading, PA | 373638 | -0.14 | 0.01 | -0.63 | -0.01 | -0.05 | 0.00 | -0.06 |
| Columbia, SC | 536691 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.41 | -0.07 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
| Bloomington-Normal, IL | 150433 | -0.15 | 0.02 | -0.70 | 0.00 | -0.06 | 0.01 | -0.06 |
| Sheboygan, WI | 112646 | -0.15 | -0.06 | -0.46 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.06 |
| Non-metro, VT | 439436 | -0.15 | -0.18 | -0.17 | -0.15 | 0.03 | -0.05 | -0.07 |
| Lincoln, NE | 250291 | -0.15 | -0.13 | -0.32 | -0.11 | 0.01 | -0.03 | -0.07 |
| Yuma, AZ | 160026 | -0.15 | -0.12 | -0.35 | -0.11 | 0.00 | -0.03 | -0.07 |
| Athens, GA | 153444 | -0.15 | -0.15 | -0.28 | -0.13 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.07 |
| Panama City, FL | 148217 | -0.16 | -0.17 | -0.23 | -0.14 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.07 |
| Dover, DE | 126697 | -0.16 | -0.09 | -0.45 | -0.08 | -0.01 | -0.02 | -0.07 |
| Gainesville, FL | 217955 | -0.16 | -0.15 | -0.30 | -0.13 | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.07 |
| Toledo, OH | 618203 | -0.16 | -0.02 | -0.65 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.07 |
| Birmingham, AL | 921106 | -0.17 | -0.02 | -0.67 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.07 |
| Memphis, TN-AR-MS | 1135614 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.73 | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
| Memphis, TN-AR-MS | 1135614 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.73 | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
| Memphis, TN-AR-MS | 1135614 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.73 | -0.01 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
| Janesville-Beloit, WI | 152307 | -0.17 | -0.01 | -0.70 | -0.02 | -0.06 | 0.00 | -0.07 |
| Rochester, MN | 124277 | -0.17 | 0.02 | -0.79 | 0.00 | -0.07 | 0.01 | -0.07 |
| Baton Rouge, LA | 602894 | -0.17 | -0.05 | -0.58 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.01 | -0.07 |
| Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL | 476230 | -0.17 | -0.10 | -0.45 | -0.10 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.07 |
| Non-metro, AZ | 603632 | -0.17 | -0.17 | -0.27 | -0.15 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.07 |
| Daytona Beach, FL | 493175 | -0.18 | -0.17 | -0.32 | -0.14 | 0.02 | -0.04 | -0.08 |
| Non-metro, UT | 524673 | -0.18 | -0.12 | -0.44 | -0.11 | -0.01 | -0.03 | -0.08 |
| Omaha, NE-IA | 716998 | -0.18 | -0.08 | -0.56 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.08 |
| Omaha, NE-IA | 716998 | -0.18 | -0.08 | -0.56 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.08 |
| Greenville, NC | 133798 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.57 | -0.09 | -0.02 | -0.02 | -0.08 |
| Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY | 1170111 | -0.19 | -0.03 | -0.73 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.08 |
| Canton-Massillon, OH | 406934 | -0.19 | -0.08 | -0.62 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.08 |
| Tuscaloosa, AL | 164875 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.57 | -0.10 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.09 |
| Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC | 962441 | -0.20 | -0.08 | -0.64 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.09 |
| Benton Harbor, MI | 162453 | -0.20 | -0.08 | -0.65 | -0.08 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.09 |
| Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR | 583845 | -0.20 | -0.11 | -0.57 | -0.10 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.09 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | 2358695 | -0.20 | -0.05 | -0.74 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.01 | -0.09 |
| Kalamazoo-Battle Creek, MI | 452851 | -0.21 | -0.03 | -0.81 | -0.04 | -0.06 | -0.01 | -0.09 |
| Elkhart-Goshen, IN | 182791 | -0.21 | -0.06 | -0.73 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.02 | -0.09 |
| Rockford, IL | 371236 | -0.21 | -0.01 | -0.87 | -0.03 | -0.07 | 0.00 | -0.09 |
| Fayetteville, NC | 302963 | -0.21 | -0.20 | -0.38 | -0.17 | 0.02 | -0.05 | -0.09 |
| Lexington, KY | 479198 | -0.21 | -0.09 | -0.67 | -0.09 | -0.03 | -0.02 | -0.09 |
| Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR | 311121 | -0.21 | -0.15 | -0.52 | -0.13 | -0.01 | -0.04 | -0.09 |
| Roanoke, VA | 235932 | -0.22 | -0.11 | -0.63 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.09 |
| Montgomery, AL | 333055 | -0.22 | -0.13 | -0.58 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.09 |
| Columbia, MO | 135454 | -0.22 | -0.17 | -0.49 | -0.15 | 0.00 | -0.05 | -0.09 |
| Glens Falls, NY | 124345 | -0.22 | -0.10 | -0.66 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.09 |
| Peoria-Pekin, IL | 347387 | -0.22 | -0.02 | -0.90 | -0.04 | -0.07 | 0.00 | -0.09 |
| Jackson, MI | 158422 | -0.22 | -0.01 | -0.91 | -0.03 | -0.07 | 0.00 | -0.09 |
| Cheyenne, WY | 81607 | -0.22 | -0.23 | -0.32 | -0.20 | 0.03 | -0.06 | -0.10 |
| La Crosse, WI-MN | 126838 | -0.22 | -0.13 | -0.60 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| La Crosse, WI-MN | 126838 | -0.22 | -0.13 | -0.60 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC | 341851 | -0.22 | -0.13 | -0.60 | -0.13 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| Springfield, IL | 201437 | -0.22 | -0.08 | -0.76 | -0.08 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.10 |
| Knoxville, TN | 687249 | -0.22 | -0.13 | -0.63 | -0.12 | -0.02 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL | 359062 | -0.23 | -0.08 | -0.76 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.10 |
| Davenport-Moline-Rock Island, IA-IL | 359062 | -0.23 | -0.08 | -0.76 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.02 | -0.10 |
| Sioux Falls, SD | 172412 | -0.23 | -0.16 | -0.57 | -0.14 | -0.01 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| Pensacola, FL | 412153 | -0.23 | -0.17 | -0.56 | -0.15 | 0.00 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| Kokomo, IN | 101541 | -0.24 | 0.05 | -1.15 | 0.01 | -0.11 | 0.01 | -0.10 |
| Scranton--Wilkes-Barre--Hazleton, PA | 624776 | -0.24 | -0.11 | -0.72 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Lewiston-Auburn, ME | 90830 | -0.24 | -0.12 | -0.69 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Chattanooga, TN-GA | 465161 | -0.24 | -0.11 | -0.73 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Chattanooga, TN-GA | 465161 | -0.24 | -0.11 | -0.73 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Pueblo, CO | 141472 | -0.24 | -0.16 | -0.60 | -0.15 | -0.01 | -0.04 | -0.10 |
| Tyler, TX | 174706 | -0.24 | -0.11 | -0.72 | -0.11 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| South Bend, IN | 265559 | -0.24 | -0.06 | -0.87 | -0.07 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.10 |
| Tulsa, OK | 803235 | -0.24 | -0.09 | -0.78 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.10 |
| Rocky Mount, NC | 143026 | -0.24 | -0.12 | -0.72 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Saginaw-Bay City-Midland, MI | 403070 | -0.25 | 0.00 | -1.04 | -0.03 | -0.09 | 0.00 | -0.11 |
| Auburn-Opelika, AL | 115092 | -0.25 | -0.13 | -0.70 | -0.13 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.11 |
| San Antonio, TX | 1592383 | -0.25 | -0.09 | -0.81 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Huntsville, AL | 342376 | -0.25 | -0.04 | -0.95 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.11 |
| Non-metro, ID | 786043 | -0.25 | -0.18 | -0.59 | -0.16 | 0.00 | -0.05 | -0.11 |
| Mobile, AL | 540258 | -0.25 | -0.14 | -0.70 | -0.13 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.11 |
| Jackson, MS | 440801 | -0.25 | -0.10 | -0.81 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Non-metro, WY | 345642 | -0.25 | -0.16 | -0.65 | -0.15 | -0.01 | -0.04 | -0.11 |
| Non-metro, ME | 808317 | -0.25 | -0.19 | -0.57 | -0.17 | 0.00 | -0.05 | -0.11 |
| Evansville-Henderson, IN-KY | 296195 | -0.25 | -0.10 | -0.81 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Evansville-Henderson, IN-KY | 296195 | -0.25 | -0.10 | -0.81 | -0.10 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL | 483924 | -0.25 | -0.12 | -0.76 | -0.12 | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Amarillo, TX | 217858 | -0.26 | -0.15 | -0.70 | -0.14 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.11 |
| Killeen-Temple, TX | 312952 | -0.25 | -0.24 | -0.46 | -0.21 | 0.02 | -0.06 | -0.11 |
| Syracuse, NY | 732117 | -0.26 | -0.04 | -1.00 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.11 |
| Billings, MT | 129352 | -0.26 | -0.17 | -0.65 | -0.16 | -0.01 | -0.05 | -0.11 |
| Las Cruces, NM | 174682 | -0.26 | -0.20 | -0.57 | -0.18 | 0.00 | -0.06 | -0.11 |
| Non-metro, MT | 596684 | -0.26 | -0.25 | -0.44 | -0.22 | 0.03 | -0.07 | -0.11 |
| Corpus Christi, TX | 380783 | -0.26 | -0.11 | -0.84 | -0.11 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.11 |
| Jacksonville, NC | 150355 | -0.26 | -0.29 | -0.36 | -0.24 | 0.04 | -0.08 | -0.11 |
| Wichita, KS | 545220 | -0.26 | -0.07 | -0.94 | -0.08 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.11 |
| Non-metro, FL | 1144881 | -0.26 | -0.18 | -0.64 | -0.17 | -0.01 | -0.05 | -0.11 |
| Rapid City, SD | 88565 | -0.27 | -0.23 | -0.52 | -0.21 | 0.02 | -0.06 | -0.12 |
| Biloxi-Gulfport-Pascagoula, MS | 363988 | -0.27 | -0.14 | -0.78 | -0.13 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.12 |
| Eau Claire, WI | 148337 | -0.27 | -0.11 | -0.85 | -0.12 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.12 |
| Non-metro, NC | 2612257 | -0.27 | -0.16 | -0.75 | -0.15 | -0.02 | -0.04 | -0.12 |
| Oklahoma City, OK | 1083346 | -0.27 | -0.14 | -0.81 | -0.13 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.12 |
| Non-metro, WI | 1723367 | -0.27 | -0.11 | -0.88 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.12 |
| Erie, PA | 280843 | -0.27 | -0.11 | -0.89 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.12 |
| Fort Wayne, IN | 502141 | -0.28 | -0.05 | -1.04 | -0.07 | -0.07 | -0.01 | -0.12 |
| Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC | 477441 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -0.96 | -0.09 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.12 |
| Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC | 477441 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -0.96 | -0.09 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.12 |
| Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA | 128012 | -0.28 | -0.14 | -0.81 | -0.14 | -0.03 | -0.04 | -0.12 |
| Youngstown-Warren, OH | 594746 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -0.98 | -0.09 | -0.06 | -0.02 | -0.12 |
| Wausau, WI | 125834 | -0.28 | -0.08 | -1.01 | -0.09 | -0.07 | -0.02 | -0.12 |
| Springfield, MO | 325721 | -0.28 | -0.20 | -0.69 | -0.18 | -0.01 | -0.05 | -0.12 |
| Lubbock, TX | 242628 | -0.28 | -0.17 | -0.77 | -0.16 | -0.02 | -0.05 | -0.12 |
| Mansfield, OH | 175818 | -0.29 | -0.11 | -0.96 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.12 |
| Williamsport, PA | 120044 | -0.29 | -0.13 | -0.90 | -0.13 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.13 |
| Topeka, KS | 169871 | -0.29 | -0.13 | -0.91 | -0.13 | -0.04 | -0.03 | -0.13 |
| Goldsboro, NC | 113329 | -0.29 | -0.20 | -0.73 | -0.18 | -0.01 | -0.05 | -0.13 |
| Ocala, FL | 258916 | -0.30 | -0.17 | -0.83 | -0.16 | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.13 |
| Macon, GA | 322549 | -0.30 | -0.06 | -1.14 | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.02 | -0.13 |
| Sherman-Denison, TX | 110595 | -0.30 | -0.13 | -0.93 | -0.13 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| Columbus, GA-AL | 274624 | -0.30 | -0.15 | -0.90 | -0.15 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| Columbus, GA-AL | 274624 | -0.30 | -0.15 | -0.90 | -0.15 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| St. Cloud, MN | 167392 | -0.30 | -0.09 | -1.05 | -0.10 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.13 |
| Lake Charles, LA | 183577 | -0.30 | -0.06 | -1.14 | -0.08 | -0.08 | -0.02 | -0.13 |
| Lynchburg, VA | 214911 | -0.31 | -0.14 | -0.93 | -0.14 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| Monroe, LA | 147250 | -0.31 | -0.14 | -0.95 | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| Muncie, IN | 118769 | -0.31 | -0.12 | -1.01 | -0.12 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.13 |
| Non-metro, MI | 1768978 | -0.31 | -0.10 | -1.08 | -0.11 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.13 |
| Dubuque, IA | 89143 | -0.31 | -0.15 | -0.95 | -0.14 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.13 |
| Non-metro, OH | 2139364 | -0.31 | -0.10 | -1.08 | -0.11 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Shreveport-Bossier City, LA | 392302 | -0.31 | -0.13 | -1.01 | -0.13 | -0.05 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Non-metro, NY | 1503399 | -0.31 | -0.11 | -1.06 | -0.12 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Non-metro, SC | 1205050 | -0.32 | -0.14 | -0.97 | -0.14 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
| Albany, GA | 120822 | -0.32 | -0.09 | -1.13 | -0.10 | -0.07 | -0.02 | -0.14 |
| Binghamton, NY | 252320 | -0.32 | -0.12 | -1.07 | -0.12 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Sioux City, IA-NE | 124130 | -0.32 | -0.15 | -0.97 | -0.15 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
| Sioux City, IA-NE | 124130 | -0.32 | -0.15 | -0.97 | -0.15 | -0.04 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
| Non-metro, IN | 1690582 | -0.32 | -0.10 | -1.11 | -0.11 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Waco, TX | 213517 | -0.32 | -0.12 | -1.06 | -0.13 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Lima, OH | 155084 | -0.32 | -0.10 | -1.14 | -0.11 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Non-metro, NM | 783991 | -0.32 | -0.20 | -0.84 | -0.19 | -0.02 | -0.06 | -0.14 |
| Jackson, TN | 107377 | -0.33 | -0.09 | -1.16 | -0.10 | -0.07 | -0.02 | -0.14 |
| Decatur, AL | 145867 | -0.33 | -0.07 | -1.23 | -0.09 | -0.09 | -0.02 | -0.14 |
| Sharon, PA | 120293 | -0.33 | -0.15 | -1.03 | -0.15 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.14 |
| Laredo, TX | 193117 | -0.33 | -0.20 | -0.90 | -0.19 | -0.02 | -0.05 | -0.14 |
| Houma, LA | 194477 | -0.33 | -0.12 | -1.12 | -0.12 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN | 174367 | -0.33 | -0.17 | -0.98 | -0.17 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.14 |
| Fargo-Moorhead, ND-MN | 174367 | -0.33 | -0.17 | -0.98 | -0.17 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.14 |
| Charleston, WV | 251662 | -0.34 | -0.12 | -1.13 | -0.12 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.14 |
| Lafayette, LA | 385647 | -0.34 | -0.13 | -1.11 | -0.13 | -0.06 | -0.03 | -0.15 |
| Florence, SC | 125761 | -0.34 | -0.14 | -1.08 | -0.14 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.15 |
| Clarksville-Hopkinsville, TN-KY | 207033 | -0.34 | -0.22 | -0.88 | -0.20 | -0.02 | -0.06 | -0.15 |
| Clarksville-Hopkinsville, TN-KY | 207033 | -0.34 | -0.22 | -0.88 | -0.20 | -0.02 | -0.06 | -0.15 |
| Non-metro, VA | 1550447 | -0.34 | -0.16 | -1.04 | -0.16 | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.15 |
| St. Joseph, MO | 102490 | -0.34 | -0.17 | -1.02 | -0.16 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
| Bangor, ME | 90864 | -0.34 | -0.17 | -1.03 | -0.16 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
| Owensboro, KY | 91545 | -0.34 | -0.14 | -1.10 | -0.14 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.15 |
| Utica-Rome, NY | 299896 | -0.35 | -0.11 | -1.21 | -0.12 | -0.07 | -0.03 | -0.15 |
| Wichita Falls, TX | 140518 | -0.35 | -0.24 | -0.88 | -0.22 | -0.01 | -0.06 | -0.15 |
| Decatur, IL | 114706 | -0.35 | -0.06 | -1.36 | -0.08 | -0.10 | -0.02 | -0.15 |
| Florence, AL | 142950 | -0.35 | -0.13 | -1.17 | -0.14 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.15 |
| Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA | 480091 | -0.35 | -0.19 | -1.02 | -0.18 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
| Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA | 480091 | -0.35 | -0.19 | -1.02 | -0.18 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
| Abilene, TX | 126555 | -0.35 | -0.24 | -0.88 | -0.22 | -0.01 | -0.07 | -0.15 |
| San Angelo, TX | 104010 | -0.36 | -0.18 | -1.04 | -0.18 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.15 |
| Non-metro, GA | 2519789 | -0.36 | -0.14 | -1.16 | -0.15 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.15 |
| Elmira, NY | 91070 | -0.36 | -0.14 | -1.17 | -0.14 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.16 |
| Victoria, TX | 84088 | -0.36 | -0.09 | -1.32 | -0.11 | -0.09 | -0.02 | -0.16 |
| Duluth-Superior, MN-WI | 243815 | -0.36 | -0.11 | -1.28 | -0.12 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.16 |
| Duluth-Superior, MN-WI | 243815 | -0.36 | -0.11 | -1.28 | -0.12 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.16 |
| Altoona, PA | 129144 | -0.36 | -0.15 | -1.16 | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.16 |
| Alexandria, LA | 126337 | -0.36 | -0.17 | -1.11 | -0.17 | -0.05 | -0.05 | -0.16 |
| Longview-Marshall, TX | 208780 | -0.37 | -0.15 | -1.19 | -0.15 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.16 |
| El Paso, TX | 679622 | -0.37 | -0.16 | -1.16 | -0.16 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.16 |
| Casper, WY | 66533 | -0.37 | -0.21 | -1.03 | -0.20 | -0.03 | -0.06 | -0.16 |
| Hattiesburg, MS | 111674 | -0.37 | -0.21 | -1.06 | -0.20 | -0.04 | -0.06 | -0.16 |
| Non-metro, PA | 1889525 | -0.38 | -0.13 | -1.27 | -0.14 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.16 |
| Fort Smith, AR-OK | 207290 | -0.38 | -0.19 | -1.11 | -0.19 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.16 |
| Fort Smith, AR-OK | 207290 | -0.38 | -0.19 | -1.11 | -0.19 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.16 |
| Terre Haute, IN | 149192 | -0.38 | -0.12 | -1.31 | -0.13 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.16 |
| Great Falls, MT | 80357 | -0.38 | -0.28 | -0.88 | -0.26 | 0.00 | -0.08 | -0.16 |
| Non-metro, MN | 1456119 | -0.38 | -0.15 | -1.25 | -0.15 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.17 |
| Sumter, SC | 104646 | -0.38 | -0.20 | -1.10 | -0.19 | -0.04 | -0.05 | -0.17 |
| Odessa-Midland, TX | 237132 | -0.38 | -0.12 | -1.32 | -0.13 | -0.08 | -0.03 | -0.17 |
| Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX | 385090 | -0.39 | -0.04 | -1.56 | -0.08 | -0.12 | -0.01 | -0.17 |
| Cumberland, MD-WV | 102008 | -0.39 | -0.16 | -1.24 | -0.17 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.17 |
| Cumberland, MD-WV | 102008 | -0.39 | -0.16 | -1.24 | -0.17 | -0.06 | -0.04 | -0.17 |
| Pocatello, ID | 75565 | -0.41 | -0.13 | -1.38 | -0.15 | -0.08 | -0.04 | -0.17 |
| Non-metro, IL | 1877585 | -0.41 | -0.14 | -1.36 | -0.15 | -0.08 | -0.04 | -0.17 |
| Dothan, AL | 137916 | -0.41 | -0.19 | -1.24 | -0.19 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.18 |
| Non-metro, IA | 1600191 | -0.41 | -0.19 | -1.26 | -0.19 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.18 |
| Danville, VA | 110156 | -0.41 | -0.16 | -1.33 | -0.17 | -0.07 | -0.04 | -0.18 |
| Pine Bluff, AR | 84278 | -0.42 | -0.17 | -1.33 | -0.18 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.18 |
| Gadsden, AL | 103459 | -0.42 | -0.14 | -1.46 | -0.15 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.18 |
| Non-metro, TN | 1827139 | -0.42 | -0.19 | -1.32 | -0.19 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.18 |
| Anniston, AL | 112249 | -0.43 | -0.20 | -1.30 | -0.20 | -0.06 | -0.05 | -0.18 |
| Joplin, MO | 157322 | -0.43 | -0.26 | -1.15 | -0.24 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.19 |
| Grand Forks, ND-MN | 97478 | -0.44 | -0.20 | -1.35 | -0.20 | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.19 |
| Grand Forks, ND-MN | 97478 | -0.44 | -0.20 | -1.35 | -0.20 | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.19 |
| Jamestown, NY | 139750 | -0.44 | -0.14 | -1.52 | -0.16 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.19 |
| Enid, OK | 57813 | -0.44 | -0.22 | -1.31 | -0.22 | -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.19 |
| Wheeling, WV-OH | 153172 | -0.45 | -0.19 | -1.45 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Wheeling, WV-OH | 153172 | -0.45 | -0.19 | -1.45 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV | 132008 | -0.46 | -0.19 | -1.47 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV | 132008 | -0.46 | -0.19 | -1.47 | -0.19 | -0.07 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Lawton, OK | 114996 | -0.46 | -0.26 | -1.29 | -0.24 | -0.04 | -0.07 | -0.20 |
| Jonesboro, AR | 82148 | -0.46 | -0.24 | -1.34 | -0.23 | -0.05 | -0.07 | -0.20 |
| Non-metro, LA | 1098766 | -0.47 | -0.18 | -1.55 | -0.18 | -0.08 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Non-metro, TX | 3159940 | -0.47 | -0.19 | -1.50 | -0.20 | -0.08 | -0.05 | -0.20 |
| Non-metro, AR | 1352381 | -0.48 | -0.24 | -1.41 | -0.23 | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.21 |
| Non-metro, MO | 1800410 | -0.48 | -0.26 | -1.37 | -0.24 | -0.05 | -0.07 | -0.21 |
| Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH | 151237 | -0.48 | -0.16 | -1.62 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.21 |
| Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH | 151237 | -0.48 | -0.16 | -1.62 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.04 | -0.21 |
| Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH | 315538 | -0.48 | -0.17 | -1.62 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.21 |
| Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH | 315538 | -0.48 | -0.17 | -1.62 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.21 |
| Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH | 315538 | -0.48 | -0.17 | -1.62 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.21 |
| Johnstown, PA | 232621 | -0.48 | -0.18 | -1.58 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.21 |
| Non-metro, NE | 811425 | -0.48 | -0.25 | -1.43 | -0.24 | -0.06 | -0.07 | -0.21 |
| Non-metro, KS | 1167355 | -0.49 | -0.24 | -1.46 | -0.23 | -0.06 | -0.06 | -0.21 |
| Non-metro, AL | 1338141 | -0.50 | -0.18 | -1.66 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.21 |
| Non-metro, WV | 1042776 | -0.50 | -0.21 | -1.60 | -0.21 | -0.08 | -0.06 | -0.22 |
| Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX | 335227 | -0.50 | -0.20 | -1.63 | -0.21 | -0.08 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR | 129749 | -0.50 | -0.18 | -1.68 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| Texarkana, TX-Texarkana, AR | 129749 | -0.50 | -0.18 | -1.68 | -0.19 | -0.09 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| Non-metro, KY | 2068667 | -0.52 | -0.18 | -1.73 | -0.19 | -0.10 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| Non-metro, SD | 493867 | -0.52 | -0.29 | -1.47 | -0.27 | -0.05 | -0.08 | -0.22 |
| Bismarck, ND | 94719 | -0.52 | -0.25 | -1.58 | -0.25 | -0.07 | -0.07 | -0.23 |
| Non-metro, OK | 1352292 | -0.53 | -0.26 | -1.59 | -0.25 | -0.07 | -0.07 | -0.23 |
| Non-metro, MS | 1820996 | -0.53 | -0.21 | -1.73 | -0.21 | -0.09 | -0.06 | -0.23 |
| McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX | 569463 | -0.57 | -0.21 | -1.91 | -0.22 | -0.11 | -0.06 | -0.25 |
| Non-metro, ND | 358234 | -0.57 | -0.25 | -1.78 | -0.25 | -0.08 | -0.07 | -0.25 |